List of Tables
    Table 1. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Market Size by Type (K MT) & (US$ Million) (2021 VS 2027)
    Table 2. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption (K MT) Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
    Table 3. Chemical Fiber Oil Market Size Comparison by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
    Table 4. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT) by Manufacturers
    Table 5. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
    Table 6. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
    Table 7. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
    Table 8. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
    Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Chemical Fiber Oil as of 2020)
    Table 10. Global Market Chemical Fiber Oil Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
    Table 11. Manufacturers Chemical Fiber Oil Production Sites and Area Served
    Table 12. Manufacturers Chemical Fiber Oil Product Types
    Table 13. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
    Table 14. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT) by Region (2016-2021)
    Table 15. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) by Region (2016-2021)
    Table 16. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2016-2021)
    Table 17. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
    Table 18. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 19. North America Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 20. Europe Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 21. Middle East & Africa Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 22. Southeast Asia Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 23. South America Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 24. Japan Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 25. China Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 26. India Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 27. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Market by Region (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Table 28. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
    Table 29. North America Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Table 30. Europe Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Table 31. Asia Pacific Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption by Region (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Table 32. Latin America Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption by Countries (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Table 33. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 34. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 35. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 36. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 37. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Price (USD/MT) by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 38. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption by Application (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Table 39. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
    Table 40. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
    Table 41. Transfar Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 42. Transfar Specification and Application
    Table 43. Transfar Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 44. Transfar Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 45. Transfar Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 46. Henglong Chemical Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 47. Henglong Chemical Specification and Application
    Table 48. Henglong Chemical Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 49. Henglong Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 50. Henglong Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 51. Takemoto Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 52. Takemoto Specification and Application
    Table 53. Takemoto Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 54. Takemoto Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 55. Takemoto Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 56. Jiangyin Chengjiang Chemical Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 57. Jiangyin Chengjiang Chemical Specification and Application
    Table 58. Jiangyin Chengjiang Chemical Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 59. Jiangyin Chengjiang Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 60. Jiangyin Chengjiang Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 61. Total Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 62. Total Specification and Application
    Table 63. Total Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 64. Total Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 65. Total Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 66. Zschimmer & Schwarz Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 67. Zschimmer & Schwarz Specification and Application
    Table 68. Zschimmer & Schwarz Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 69. Zschimmer & Schwarz Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 70. Zschimmer & Schwarz Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 71. Zhejiang Huangma Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 72. Zhejiang Huangma Specification and Application
    Table 73. Zhejiang Huangma Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 74. Zhejiang Huangma Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 75. Zhejiang Huangma Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 76. Tianjing Textile Auxiliaries Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 77. Tianjing Textile Auxiliaries Specification and Application
    Table 78. Tianjing Textile Auxiliaries Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 79. Tianjing Textile Auxiliaries Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 80. Tianjing Textile Auxiliaries Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 81. Schill & Seilacher Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 82. Schill & Seilacher Specification and Application
    Table 83. Schill & Seilacher Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 84. Schill & Seilacher Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 85. Schill & Seilacher Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 86. Hangzhou Surat Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 87. Hangzhou Surat Specification and Application
    Table 88. Hangzhou Surat Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 89. Hangzhou Surat Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 90. Hangzhou Surat Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 91. Pulcra Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 92. Pulcra Specification and Application
    Table 93. Pulcra Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 94. Pulcra Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 95. Pulcra Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 96. Klueber Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 97. Klueber Specification and Application
    Table 98. Klueber Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 99. Klueber Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 100. Klueber Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 101. NICCA Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 102. NICCA Specification and Application
    Table 103. NICCA Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 104. NICCA Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 105. NICCA Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 106. Vickers Oils Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 107. Vickers Oils Specification and Application
    Table 108. Vickers Oils Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 109. Vickers Oils Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 110. Vickers Oils Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 111. Vickers Oils Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 112. Rudolf GmbH Specification and Application
    Table 113. Rudolf GmbH Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 114. Rudolf GmbH Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 115. Rudolf GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 116. Matsumoto Yushi Seiyaku Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 117. Matsumoto Yushi Seiyaku Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 118. Matsumoto Yushi Seiyaku Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 119. Matsumoto Yushi Seiyaku Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 120. Jiangsu Dynamic Chemical Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 121. Jiangsu Dynamic Chemical Specification and Application
    Table 122. Jiangsu Dynamic Chemical Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 123. Jiangsu Dynamic Chemical Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 124. Jiangsu Dynamic Chemical Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 125. CHT/BEZEMA Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 126. CHT/BEZEMA Specification and Application
    Table 127. CHT/BEZEMA Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 128. CHT/BEZEMA Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 129. CHT/BEZEMA Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 130. Dr.Petry Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 131. Dr.Petry Specification and Application
    Table 132. Dr.Petry Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 133. Dr.Petry Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 134. Dr.Petry Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 135. Bozzetto Group Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 136. Bozzetto Group Specification and Application
    Table 137. Bozzetto Group Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 138. Bozzetto Group Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 139. Bozzetto Group Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 140. Achitex Minerva Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 141. Achitex Minerva Specification and Application
    Table 142. Achitex Minerva Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 143. Achitex Minerva Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 144. Achitex Minerva Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 145. Synalloy Chemicals Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 146. Synalloy Chemicals Specification and Application
    Table 147. Synalloy Chemicals Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 148. Synalloy Chemicals Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 149. Synalloy Chemicals Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 150. Archroma Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 151. Archroma Specification and Application
    Table 152. Archroma Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 153. Archroma Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 154. Archroma Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 155. Clearco Products Chemical Fiber Oil Corporation Information
    Table 156. Clearco Products Specification and Application
    Table 157. Clearco Products Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 158. Clearco Products Main Business and Markets Served
    Table 159. Clearco Products Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 160. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
    Table 161. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
    Table 162. Chemical Fiber Oil Distributors List
    Table 163. Chemical Fiber Oil Customers List
    Table 164. Chemical Fiber Oil Market Trends
    Table 165. Chemical Fiber Oil Growth Drivers
    Table 166. Chemical Fiber Oil Market Challenges
    Table 167. Chemical Fiber Oil Market Restraints
    Table 168. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
    Table 169. North America Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K MT)
    Table 170. Europe Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K MT)
    Table 171. Asia Pacific Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (K MT)
    Table 172. Latin America Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K MT)
    Table 173. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Production Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (K MT)
    Table 174. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 175. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (USD/MT)
    Table 176. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption (K MT) Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
    Table 177. Research Programs/Design for This Report
    Table 178. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
    Table 179. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
    Figure 1. Product Picture of Chemical Fiber Oil
    Figure 2. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Market Share by Type: 2020 VS 2027
    Figure 3. DTY Product Picture
    Figure 4. FDY Product Picture
    Figure 5. POY Product Picture
    Figure 6. Others Product Picture
    Figure 7. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 2027
    Figure 8. Polyester
    Figure 9. Nylon
    Figure 10. Acrylic
    Figure 11. Others
    Figure 12. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
    Figure 13. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue (US$ Million) (2016-2027)
    Figure 14. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Production Capacity (K MT) & (2016-2027)
    Figure 15. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) & (2016-2027)
    Figure 16. North America Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
    Figure 17. Europe Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
    Figure 18. Middle East & Africa Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
    Figure 19. Southeast Asia Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
    Figure 20. South America Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
    Figure 21. Japan Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
    Figure 22. China Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
    Figure 23. India Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
    Figure 24. Chemical Fiber Oil Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
    Figure 25. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
    Figure 26. Chemical Fiber Oil Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2020
    Figure 27. Global Market Chemical Fiber Oil Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Manufacturers in 2020
    Figure 28. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue in 2020
    Figure 29. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Production Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
    Figure 30. North America Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
    Figure 31. Europe Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
    Figure 32. Middle East & Africa Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
    Figure 33. Southeast Asia Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
    Figure 34. South America Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
    Figure 35. Japan Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
    Figure 36. China Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
    Figure 37. India Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
    Figure 38. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
    Figure 39. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Market Share by Region in 2020
    Figure 40. North America Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 41. North America Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
    Figure 42. Canada Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 43. U.S. Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 44. Europe Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 45. Europe Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
    Figure 46. Germany America Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 47. France Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 48. U.K. Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 49. Italy Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 50. Russia Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 51. Asia Pacific Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 52. Asia Pacific Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
    Figure 53. China Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 54. Japan Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 55. South Korea Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 56. Taiwan Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 57. Southeast Asia Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 58. India Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 59. Australia Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 60. Latin America Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 61. Latin America Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
    Figure 62. Mexico Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 63. Brazil Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K MT)
    Figure 64. Production Market Share of Chemical Fiber Oil by Type (2016-2021)
    Figure 65. Production Market Share of Chemical Fiber Oil by Type in 2020
    Figure 66. Revenue Share of Chemical Fiber Oil by Type (2016-2021)
    Figure 67. Revenue Market Share of Chemical Fiber Oil by Type in 2020
    Figure 68. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
    Figure 69. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
    Figure 70. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
    Figure 71. Key Raw Materials Price Trend
    Figure 72. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Chemical Fiber Oil
    Figure 73. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Chemical Fiber Oil
    Figure 74. Chemical Fiber Oil Industrial Chain Analysis
    Figure 75. Channels of Distribution
    Figure 76. Distributors Profiles
    Figure 77. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
    Figure 78. North America Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
    Figure 79. Europe Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
    Figure 80. Middle East & Africa Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
    Figure 81. Southeast Asia Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
    Figure 82. South America Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
    Figure 83. Japan Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
    Figure 84. China Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
    Figure 85. India Chemical Fiber Oil Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
    Figure 86. Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Chemical Fiber Oil (2015-2027) & (K MT)
    Figure 87. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Production Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
    Figure 88. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
    Figure 89. Global Chemical Fiber Oil Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
    Figure 90. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
    Figure 91. Data Triangulation